Stomach acid reflux is no stranger to most of us, and it has even become a common issue that many people accept as normal. However, if left untreated and allowed to become chronic, it can lead to more serious and even fatal health problems. So, what exactly is stomach acid disease?

Humans are created perfectly, with every part of our body having its own function, including stomach acid. This colorless liquid is naturally produced by the cells lining the stomach and plays a very important role. Its primary function is to break down the food we consume into smaller particles to aid digestion. Other functions include neutralizing harmful pathogens that enter the body through the food and drinks we consume, helping to absorb vitamin B12 bound to proteins, and more.

Among the many roles of stomach acid, it also helps close the throat and stomach tract or lower esophageal sphincter (LES) after we eat or drink. The LES is a muscle that separates the lower esophagus from the stomach. However, when the LES fails to close properly, stomach acid can rise back up into the esophagus, a condition known as acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This is what is referred to as acid reflux disease.

This condition is often associated with unhealthy eating habits, such as eating too late at night, skipping meals, or consuming excessive amounts of spicy food. Acid reflux has become a common complaint. According to data from the Ministry of Health, digestive disorders, including GERD, are among the most commonly experienced diseases in Indonesia

When we swallow, a valve or muscle at the end of the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), opens to allow food or drink to pass into the stomach. Once the food enters the stomach, the valve closes tightly to prevent the food from coming back up into the esophagus. In individuals with stomach acid reflux, the LES weakens or becomes damaged, causing it not to function properly, allowing stomach acid to rise into the esophagus. So, what causes the LES muscle to weaken? There are various factors, including:

• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Older age
• Gastroparesis, or weakness in the stomach wall muscles
• Scleroderma, a disease affecting connective tissue
• Hiatal hernia, where part of the stomach pushes into the chest cavity

Actually, it is normal for stomach acid to rise after a large meal, and it usually doesn’t last long. If it only happens occasionally and briefly, it doesn’t cause serious issues or complications. However, if it happens repeatedly, the rising stomach acid can damage the esophagus, irritate its lining, and trigger several bothersome symptoms. The severity of acid reflux depends on how damaged the LES valve is, as well as the type and amount of fluid that rises from the stomach.

Several factors can trigger acid reflux, often related to lifestyle, eating habits, and the consumption of specific foods or drinks. Some common triggers include alcohol, coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks, and foods that are high in fat and acid, such as oranges and tomatoes. These foods and drinks can increase stomach acid production, which in turn can irritate the stomach lining. Lifestyle factors and psychological conditions such as stress, lack of sleep, and anxiety also play a significant role in triggering stomach acid reflux.

Sometimes, acid reflux is considered trivial because it has become a common complaint. If the symptoms are mild, they may not be too disruptive. However, when the condition becomes chronic and recurring, the symptoms can become very bothersome and affect one’s quality of life. Typically, symptoms include a burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), difficulty or pain when swallowing, chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and even trouble sleeping.

Here are some common symptoms of high stomach acid:

• Pain, a burning sensation, or discomfort in the upper stomach (epigastric area)
• Feeling full quickly after eating
• Excessive fullness or bloating after meals
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bloating

However, there are also signs that require more attention and should be evaluated immediately to determine the cause, such as:

• Recurring complaints in individuals over the age of 55
• Unexplained weight loss
• Difficulty swallowing
• Recurrent vomiting
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Presence of a lump in the abdominal area
• Vomiting blood or passing blood in stools

Acid reflux can significantly affect the quality of life when combined with anxiety disorders. Increased stomach acid and anxiety interact with each other, not just in one direction. When you feel anxious, stomach acid production increases due to the activation of parietal cells in the stomach lining. Conversely, when stomach acid increases and causes discomfort, the body responds by producing stress hormones, which can worsen anxiety. Therefore, both conditions require comprehensive and interconnected management.

The old adage "prevention is better than cure" certainly applies to acid reflux. Moreover, once someone is affected by acid reflux, their daily activities can be disrupted by the discomfort it causes. However, this condition is highly preventable. The key is consistent healthy eating habits and lifestyle choices. Eating meals at regular times, consuming adequate portions without overeating, and choosing natural foods that are high in fiber and low in fat are essential. Additionally, sufficient rest, and effective stress management are important steps that can also help prevent acid reflux problems. By incorporating these habits, stomach acid can be better controlled, and digestive health will be maintained.

But what happens if acid reflux has already occurred? Several effective strategies can help relieve the symptoms, including:

1. Maintain an Upright Posture
   When acid reflux occurs, keeping an upright posture is crucial to reduce pressure on the valve between the esophagus and stomach. By alleviating this pressure, stomach acid will be better controlled and less likely to rise back into the esophagus.
   
   
2. Eat Smaller, More Frequent Meals
   One of the main triggers for stomach acid reflux is eating large meals. It is advised for people with acid reflux to eat smaller meals more frequently. This helps prevent excessive stomach acid buildup.
   
   
3. Loosen Tight Clothing
   Tight clothing, such as a tight belt or pants, can increase pressure on the stomach, worsening acid reflux symptoms. Therefore, it is advised to loosen tight clothing to reduce abdominal pressure and prevent the condition from getting worse.
   
   
4. Stay Hydrated
   Acid reflux symptoms are often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can worsen the condition. Drinking plenty of water is essential, as it helps neutralize stomach acid and reduce nausea and vomiting.
   
   
5. Medical Treatment
   If the natural remedies above don’t work, you may need further medical attention from a specialist. The doctor may prescribe acid-reducing medications or conduct additional tests to determine the best treatment and care for reducing stomach acid levels and addressing the digestive issues.
   
   

By following the prevention steps mentioned earlier, you can reduce the risk of acid reflux and improve your digestive health. However, sometimes acid reflux symptoms may still appear or even worsen despite taking preventive measures. If this happens, don't let the discomfort affect your quality of life. Untreated stomach acid reflux can interfere with daily activities and reduce your comfort.

For this reason, consult with an experienced doctor at the best hospital in the IHH Healthcare Malaysia network. We provide high-quality medical services with specialists who have in-depth knowledge of digestive disorders. At IHH Healthcare Malaysia, we not only offer accurate diagnoses but also tailor treatments to meet your specific needs. With our comprehensive approach and complete facilities, we are committed to providing the best solutions for your digestive health.